Sculpture of the head of Emperor Constantine the Great, named after him Constantinople.

"Byzantium" (Greek: β υ ζ τ, ά, and Latin ν: BYZANTIVM) is the first known name of the city. According to some historians, the city was founded in the year 660 BC by a group of Greek settlers from the city of Meghara, who came to the city's current location and established a small colony called "Peas" (Greek: β ζ α τ ύ ς) in honor of their king. The city was named "Agsta Antonina" for a brief period of time during the third century AD. The name was given to it by the Roman emperor Spitimos Severus (193-211) after his son Antonios, who later became Emperor Caracalla.

Before Emperor Constantine the Great made the eastern capital of the Roman Empire on May 11, 330, he undertook major construction projects, which were primarily aimed at rebuilding the city, much like the Roman architectural style. During this period, the city carried a number of names, including: "New Rome II" (Greek: ν, έ, δ, υ,:,"Rome" (Greek) ἄλμώμ),"East Rome" (Greek: ῴῥώμ) and "Rome of Constantinople". The name "New Rome" is originally the controversy between the East and the West, especially after the great schism, where the Greek book used it to draw attention to the fierce competition between the city and the "original" Rome.

After Constantine I made the eastern capital city of the Roman Empire, it became known as “Constantinople” (Greek: ωντ,,,, and Constantine. He also tried to make the city the New Rome (Latin: Nea Roma), but that didn't happen. The name Constantinople remained the official name of the city during the Byzantine Empire, and European and Western nations continued to use it until the founding of the Turkish Republic.

The name "Islamboul" is on an Ottoman coins currency dating back to the year 1203 AH.

In 1453, the Byzantine Empire collapsed and the Ottomans opened the city under Sultan Mohammed II, who made it the capital of the state and changed its name to "Islam" or "Islam City" or "Takht al-Islam". "House of Happiness" (Ottoman Turkish): Dar Saadat), "The High House" (in Ottoman Turkish: Dar Aley), "High Door" (Ottoman Turkish: High Gate), “Throne Place” (Ottoman Turkish: Beitchte, Astana (Ottoman Turkish): Astan is a Persian word, meaning “the capital” or “the center of the sultanate.” By the 19th century, the city had harvested a number of names known to foreigners and Turks. Europeans used the term “Stambol” alongside “Constantinople” to refer to the city as a whole, and the Turks used the last term only to refer to the historical peninsula between the Strait of the Golden Century and the Sea of Marmara. The word “beira” was also used to refer to the region between the Golden Century and the Bosporus Strait, while the Turks used and still use the term “bioglu” (Turkish: Byğ lu). With the enactment of the Turkish Postal Service Law on March 28, 1930, the Turkish authorities officially ordered all foreigners to call the city a common name since the tenth century, "Istanbul", the only official name of the city in all languages of the world.

The word "istanbul" is derived from the Byzantine Greek word "istanbul" (Greek: ἰςτνπInulin (Greek: ἰςτπὰ, in English, meaning "in the city" or "in the city". In contemporary Turkish, the name of the city is Istanbul, with the letter I, read by a point, since the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between the dotted and the dotted letter I. Istanbul, as Rome called it, was called the "Seven Hills City", since the oldest part of it is allegedly built on seven hills, each of which is a historic mosque.

Prehistory

Excavation work during the construction of the Marmara Tunnel, connecting the European and Asian section of Istanbul, showed an ancient human colony from the modern stone age, under the port of Eni Kabi (Turkish): Yenikappı). Studies have shown that this colony dates back to the seventh millennium BC, before the Bosphorus was formed, and this has shown that the Istanbul Peninsula was inhabited much earlier than previously thought. Among the effects that were found in this primitive colony were a number of tools and crafts used in everyday life.

Paleozoic

The remains of a pillar of the upper hippocampus of Byzantium, which is today located inside the complex of the palace of the high gate.

Between the thirteenth and eleventh centuries B.C.E., modern tribes established two colonies: Lykos and Simstra in the present area of the "Location of the Palace" (Turkish: Sarayburno) near the palace of the high door. On the Asian side, craftsmen were found at the site, where the ancient town of Khalidoniyah dates back to the Nahhas era. The aforementioned town was established by Greek settlers who came from the city of Meghara in 685 BC. The Phoenicians had preceded them to this site since the beginning of the first thousand BC, when they established their first commercial station in that country.

The actual history of Istanbul, according to many historians, begins around 660 BC, when the Megareles, led by their king, Bezas, established the city of Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus Strait. By the end of the century, residents had established a fortified upper town in the area of Qal'sar, in the same area where Lycos and Simstra colonies were built, i.e. the Palace of the High Gate and Aya Sophia are now located. The city was besieged by Roman Emperor Spitimos Severus in 1966, after having allied with Syria's ruler, Gaius Besenius Nijer, who had revolted against the empire and later defeated it, and suffered heavy damage. Patriarch Sawiris of Antioch rebuilt Byzantium after it was devastated by the Roman siege, and the city quickly regained its glory and former prosperity, after the emperor briefly named it Igda Antonina after his son.

A drawing of Constantinople and its location.

Constantine's geographical location in 324 drew the attention of Constantine the Great, who claimed to have seen a prophetic dream of the city; Historians say that the real reason why Constantine claimed this prophecy is his decisive victory over Emperor Valerius Lesenius in the battle of Askudar on the Bosporus Strait on September 18, 324, which ended the civil war between the participating emperors and finally eliminated the remnants of the "Four Peoples' Regime", in the period when the city of Nicomedia (Greek: The ν ι Azmit City, the κ Azmit City, is now known as the Ancient and Highest Roman μ Six years after the battle, in 330, Byzantium officially became the new capital of the Roman Empire, and it changed its name to Constantinople, the city of Constantine. After the death of Emperor Theodosius I in 395, the empire was permanently divided between his two sons, making Constantinople the capital of the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. Constantinople, located between the continents of Europe and Asia and home to one of the most important royal dynasties of the time, had become the center of polarization of international trade and a major cultural and cultural center in the region. ^["The Byzantine-Greek Empire was clearly a culture, and it later became the nerve of the Roman Orthodox Christian nation^.[It was therefore natural to decorate its capital with many large churches of global importance, such as Aya Sophia, which was the world's largest cathedral until the Muslim conquest of the city. The Patriarch of Constantinople, the spiritual leader of the Ecumenical Eastern Orthodox Church, is still based in the province of Fanar from Istanbul.

Middle Ages

The walls of Constantinople, which the Islamic armies wore on, during the first and second siege of the city.

Crusader invasion of Constantinople in 1204.

Arab Muslims have been expanding outside the Arabian Peninsula since the seventh century AD, and the Byzantine Empire lost the Levant and Egypt to their advantage. Many Muslim caliphs tried to open Constantinople to the Islamic State, out of faith in the hadith of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad bin Abdullah, about the grace of the light army and its emir, and the triumph of Islam and Muslims. Accordingly, the city was besieged by Muslims for the first time from the year 674 to the year 678, during the succession of the Umayyad Mu'awiya bin Abi Sufyan, but the siege failed to achieve its desired result. Muslims returned to the siege of the city from the year 717 to the year 718 in the time of the caliph Suleiman Bin Abd Al-Malik, under the leadership of Muslim Bin Abd Al-Malik. The siege lasted for 12 months, but the army was not able to enter it this time either, because of the immunity of its walls, and the assistance of the Bulgarian army to the Byzantine fire. Muslims exerted great effort until Caliph Suleiman died. He assumed the succession after him, "Omar bin Abdul Aziz", and asked Muslim women to return to his army.

In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to take Jerusalem out of Muslim hands was launched, but its destination turned to Constantinople, with the crusaders looting, desecrating the city, and killing many of its inhabitants, and historians suggest that it was one of the latest major splits between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The city became the capital of the Latin Empire, which was created by the Crusaders to replace the Byzantine Orthodox Empire, and was divided into a number of states, including the Empire of Nicaea, which returned to the city in 1261 under the leadership of Emperor Michael VIII of Palaiologos.

The city had been weakened in the late decades of the Byzantine Empire, since the latter was almost completely isolated from its neighbors and was in bankruptcy. The population fell to only about 30,000 or 40,000, and large parts of the city were displaced. Because of the Byzantine emperors' introversion, many aspects of their empire collapsed, leaving the empire under attack at any time. The Ottoman Turks had implemented a long-term strategy to open the city. They gradually took control of all the villages and small towns surrounding Constantinople, starting with the Exchange in 1326, Izmit in 1337, Gallipoli in 1354, and Jordan in 1362. The Ottomans had tightened the noose around the city and prevented supplies from reaching it from neighboring countries.

Sultan Mohammed II enters Constantinople, with the beverage "Fosto Zonaro."

On May 29, 1453, the Ottomans, led by the young sultan Mohammed II, who was later known as Mohamed Al-Fatih, opened the city after a 53-day siege. During the attack, the last emperor of the Romans, Constantine XI, was killed near the Golden Gate. After the completion of the victory, Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih moved the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople, whose name was changed to Islamboul. The fall of Constantinople is an event of major significance in world history, as many or most historians consider it even the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times.

Modern Times and the Ottoman Era

Sultan Mohammed II opened his first work in the new capital of his country by working to revive it economically and to remove it from the dire situation it was in. He ordered the establishment of the "Large Covered Market" (Turkish: Kapaal, ı), and called the fleeing population of Orthodox^.] And Catholics, to return to their homes in the city and their life security, the prisoners - soldiers and politicians who were arrested after entering Constantinople - were released to inhabit the city and raise its population, and were sent to the provincial governors of Rummeli and Anadolu to send 4,000 families to settle in the capital, Muslim, Christian or Jewish, to make its society multicultural. The Sultan also built many architectural landmarks in the city in a bid to make them "the most beautiful capitals of the world" and "the capital of science and arts". He ordered the construction of institutes, palaces, hospitals, trenches, baths, large markets and public parks, the repair of broken walls and old buildings, and the introduction of water into the city by special tugboats. He encouraged ministers, senior statesmen, rich and dignitaries to build buildings, shops, bathrooms and other buildings that give the capital beauty and splendor. One of the most prominent features left by Sultan Mohammed Al-Fatih is: The palace of the high door, which he ordered to start building in the 1960s, and the mosque of Ayub Sultan. Religious institutions have also been established to finance the construction of major mosques, such as the al-Fatih Mosque, which was built at the same site where the Church of the Holy Apostles existed previously.

Fifty years after the opening of Constantinople, the city has become one of the largest and most prosperous cities in the world, but this did not last long. It was struck by a massive earthquake on September 14, 1509, which caused a number of aftershocks and destroyed 45 buildings, many of them dead and injured. This disaster was known as the “little day of judgment” (in Turkish): Küüçük Kıyamit). The aftermath of that day was only in 1510, when Sultan Bayezid II brought 80,000 workers and construction workers to rebuild destroyed homes and landmarks.

In 1517, the Ottoman Empire eradicated the Egyptian Royal Sultanate and annexed its lands, including the Hejaz lands, where Medina and the Tuhama lands are located, and Sultan Selim I was handed the keys to the two Holy Mosques^].] As a symbol of the submission of the Islamic Holy Land to the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan took with him to Astana the last Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, where he relinquished his succession, becoming the city from then until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the capital of the Islamic caliphate. The era of Salim I's caliph, the "legal Sultan", is the golden age of the Ottoman Empire. Many engineering and technical landmarks were built in the city and throughout the country, thanks to the famous architect Sinan Agha, who designed many of the city's mosques and historic buildings. In 1718, during what was known as the Khazamite Revolution, Ibrahim Pasha's Great Sadr built the city's first fire station, and opened the first printing press. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdul Majeed I launched a campaign of reforms or "organizations" throughout the country, in an attempt to advance the Ottoman state that was in a state of chaos and backwardness, and to keep pace with the developments in Europe, which was reflected in many parts of the city in terms of civil organization, an increase in the number of hospitals, road construction, railway extension, etc.

A general view of the city from the Galata Tower in 1890.

A severe earthquake struck the city again in 1894 and caused a lot of damage. World War I erupted in 1914 and was introduced by the Ottoman Empire alongside the Axis States. After the war ended and the last camp was defeated, the Allied forces occupied the city, only a few years after a treaty with Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, in which the Turks retained their motherland, which had been inhabited by the Turk tribes since ancient times, including Istanbul.

Turkish Republic

After the Turkish Republic was established in 1923, President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk moved the capital center to Ankara, which weakened Istanbul's interest. But this changed at the beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, when the city's structure changed dramatically. Many squares, blocks, and roads, such as Taksim Square, were built throughout the city; at the expense of some historical buildings sometimes. During the 1950s, many Roman communities migrated to Greece, and the Armenian and Jewish communities largely declined as a result of intensive immigration. In 1960, Adnan Menderes's government wanted to develop the country, and it built many factories on the outskirts of the city, which in the 1970s encouraged the Anatolian people to migrate to work in these factories and live in the city, which led to a huge rise in the demand for housing, which led to the development and annexation of many villages and forests surrounding the city, to its urban accumulation. The massive exodus to the city has led to many buildings with poor construction. Statistics show that 65% of Istanbul's buildings were built illegally without proper planning. This has increased officials' concern about the disasters that may result, especially after the damage to the buildings caused by the August 17, 1999, earthquake. The city sustained some damage from the floods on September 7, 2009.

Location

A satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Straits connecting the Black Sea to the north and the Marmara Sea to the south.

Located in the northwest of the Marmara region of Turkey, Istanbul is divided into two parts separated by the Bosphorus Straits, leaving the city on two continents at the same time, the western part of which is in Europe and the eastern part in Asia. The city borders 1,830.93 square kilometers (707 square miles), while the urban cluster area, or Istanbul Province, occupies 6,220 square kilometers (2,402 square miles).

earth layers

Istanbul is near the northern Anatolian fault, which runs from northern Anatolia to the Sea of Marmara, where the African and Eurasian platelet always collides with each other. The Corps caused many devastating earthquakes throughout history. In 1509, a massive earthquake caused a massive tsunami that surpassed the city's sea walls, destroyed more than 100 mosques and killed 10,000 people. In 1766, the Abu Ayyub al-Ansari mosque was severely damaged by a strong earthquake. An earthquake in 1894 caused many sections of the large covered market to collapse. On August 17, 1999, a devastating earthquake that had its epicenter in the nearby city of Izmit killed 18,000 people and left many homeless. The catastrophic results of all of these earthquakes were due to the density and segmentation of buildings and poor construction conditions. Seismologists say another earthquake, measuring as much as 7.0, may occur before 2025.

plant wealth

Istanbul has a moderate climate, but because of the city's unique location, its climate is a "transition climate". It is located in the middle of the Black Sea's oceanic climate, the wet continental climate of the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean climate. This diversity of climate patterns has been reflected in plant diversity, as different types of plants and trees that are unique to each region can be found together in this area, and Istanbul is one of the few provinces in Turkey where this advantage is most prominent. Large numbers of plants in the Eurasian eco-zone can be found in the northern part of the city, in particular, on the Black Sea coast, where the wet climate is constantly prevailing. The Mediterranean vegetation is found in the southern regions, particularly in the Emira Islands, the only region in Istanbul where it is predominantly a plant.

Babli's willow is in a garden in Istanbul.

Mixed, broad-leaved temperate forests are the main and dominant environmental biosphere in the Istanbul Peninsula, and these forests are part of the mixed Balkan forest system, which in turn belongs to the Orosporian Ecozone of the old Northern Territory. Experts in the Turkish Forestry General Administration say that 44% of Istanbul's province is forested.

On both Asian and European sides, Istanbul is a long-standing mixed forest, the Asian forest known as the Almadag Forest, and the European Forest is known as the Belgrade Forest. These forests are the city's lungs and main habitat. Old forests can still be found in the heart of Istanbul today, on both sides of the Bosporus Strait. Oak is the most common species of trees in the city and its surroundings, and it has three very common species: the English oak, the low oak, and the Hungarian oak. Also common is the eastern zane, which spreads in the northern regions near the Black Sea coast. Other trees are: East Hilaliyah, horse chestnut, sweet chestnut, white horseshoe, wasp, black water neighbor, gray water neighbor, familiar hazel, fake Aleppo gown, Norwegian maple, field maple, English diapron, European white floor, smooth floor, field floor, silver raiser, summer goat, and gray willow.

Istanbul is superior to some European countries, such as the United Kingdom, in terms of its plant diversity, including some 2,500 native species of trees and plants. In addition, it's that the city is home to a quarter of Turkey's 10,000 species of native plants, some of which are exclusively located in this city.

animal wealth

Three Premier League sparrows feed on the remains of a boiled corn cup in Istanbul.

Istanbul has a rich animal wealth. Its forests contain 18 mammals and over 71 species of birds. Since hunting is prohibited, the number of animals is stable and there is no fear of them disappearing. Wild pigs, gray wolves, golden jackals, red foxes, red deer, European brown deer, European geysers, most common mammal species in the forest. Red squirrels inhabit the European part of the city, with the Bosphorus forming the boundaries of its home city in Europe.

The most common bird species in the city are the familiar gulls and the disguised zigan, which control large parts of Istanbul. Other familiar birds are: The wild pigeon, the surrounded Eurasian yaman, and the sparrows of the league. There is also a large crowd of stray cats and dogs in the city.

climate

Snow in Istanbul Winter.

Istanbul is characterized by its moderate climate, although it is located in a climate transformation area, i.e. between the regions where the ocean climate prevails and the regions where the Mediterranean climate prevails. The summer in Istanbul is often hot and humidity levels are high, and temperatures in July and August reach around 28°C (82°F). Winter is cold and humid, and snow is often falling, and the average temperature in this season is 5°C (41°F). In the spring of autumn, the weather is moderate and sporadic rainfall is low. However, the climate during this period remains somewhat unstable during the day, as it may turn from cold to warm from day to day, while nights are usually cold.

The humidity in the city is always high, which makes one feel that the air is heavy on the soul. The annual humidity in Istanbul is 72%, and it is in the second most humid region in Turkey. Precipitation reaches 843.9 millimeters (33 inches) per year and rainfall reaches 152 days. Summer is the driest season of the year, but it can be punctuated by rainy days, and summer rains are scattered but often abundant.

Snow falls in this city almost every year. This is between December and March, and the annual rate of ice cover survival is approximately 19 days. However, the average day when snow falls varies from year to year, and the ice cover usually lasts only a few days after each fall.

The fog prevails throughout the year, especially in the morning, but it soon dissipates before noon. Sometimes, the fog lasts all day, in winters, spring, and autumn. Thunderstorms are unusual, usually occurring in late spring, summer, and early fall, with an annual rate of 22 days of wind that is rare for the rest of the year, and are almost negligible throughout the winter. The wind is constantly blowing in the city, with a wind rate of 18 kilometers per hour (11 miles per hour).

The maximum documented temperature in Istanbul was 40.5°C (105°F), as at July 12, 2000, and the highest recorded temperature was -16.1°C (3°F), February 15, 1927. Some areas in Istanbul have different local climates than others in neighboring regions, due to their size, topography and the impact of sea air currents.

climatic statistics

Istanbul is divided into 39 provinces, of which 27 are the de facto city, all known as "Greater Istanbul", and are administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Council (Turkish: Istanbl Büyüüyükükühl hir Belesi). Istanbul's provinces are divided into three main regions:

Administrative divisions of Istanbul's districts and regions.

• the historic Istanbul Peninsula, the frontier of fifteenth-century Constantinople; It includes the provinces of Ameen Onu and Fatih. This area is located on the southern shores of the Golden Horn, which separates the center of the old city from the more modern northern sections of the European section. This section is located on the west side of the old city, the entrance to the Bosporus Strait to the east, and the Marmara Sea to the south.
• The historic districts of Bik Oghli and Kashtash, located in the north of the golden century, include the site where the "Tolum Baghja Palace" is located, in addition to a number of previous villages such as: "Central Village" and "Bibak", on the shores of the Bosporus. Wealthy city residents move during the summer to live on the banks of these two provinces in luxury homes called Elli (Turkish: ı), which literally means "beach" or "seashore."
• Escudar and Khalkedonia are located on the Asian side of the city, where they were previously independent cities. They were previously housed in Istanbul because the latter had expanded and absorbed many surrounding cities and villages. There are many modern residential areas in addition to financial and business neighborhoods, and about a third of the city's population is home to them.

Istanbul has extended eastward, westward and northward, beyond its historical borders. Is it the top of the towers^?] and modern office buildings in neighborhoods: East, Hittite, European Route, and Koziaghi District on the Asian side.

Al-Omran

The historical peninsula of Constantinople.

The urban landscape of Istanbul has been, and remains, changing. In the time of the Greeks, the Romans^.[The Byzantine, for the most part, consisted of the Constantinian peninsula; Galta was bordered to the north by the towns of Askudar and Khalidion to the east by the Bosphorus. All of these cities were separate city states. Istanbul today, it includes the historic peninsula and all of the cities that surrounded it, as well as many of the surrounding areas that were uninhabited until the 19th century, when residents began building new homes around the city, neighborhoods and districts were later impossible.

The walls of the city of Galatasenia were still standing until the early nineteenth century. These old fortifications were later destroyed, except for the Galata Tower and some sections of the wall that remain until today, in order to make way for the expansion of the city to the north, where there are now neighborhoods in Kashtash, Shishli, Al-Marmah, and beyond.

In recent decades, many high-rise buildings have been built around the city to accommodate the growing population, and surrounding towns have become part of the city because the city has expanded rapidly and absorbed them. The highest residential and office buildings are located in the north of the European Section, particularly in the business and business areas of the neighborhoods of El Sharq, Maslak and Majidi Village, located between the Bosphorus Bridge and the Sultan Mohammed Al Fatih Bridge. In some neighborhoods, such as East and Hittite, luxury shopping centers such as: Canyon, Metropolitan, Excenter, Mayadorm, and Mayadorm Alfaouki. There are also larger centers and the most important Turkish companies and banks in the region.

He took the Asian side of Istanbul, which was once a quiet side full of summer resorts and elegant huts surrounded by large gardens of canopy, and has since the early second half of the 20th century, been growing and developing rapidly. The construction of the Baghdad Highway, which has a large number of restaurants and high-end shops, has contributed to the rapid pace of urban growth in the region. The fact that these places were empty until the 1960s helped build better infrastructure and more structured urban planning than other residential areas in the city. But the real prosperity of the Asian side came with the opening of the Ankara Asphalt Highway (in Turkish): Ankara Asfaltı, the Asian extension of the E5 highway, located north of Baghdad Avenue, parallel to the railway line. Another important factor that helped the growth of the Asian side was the exodus from Anatolia. Residents of this part of Istanbul today make up more than a third of the city's population.

Much of the city's suburbs were built overnight, as a result of Istanbul's accelerated growth during the second half of the 20th century, and the Turks in the 1940s created a word that they encode for these squatter buildings, Gecekundu, which literally means "built overnight." Currently, many of those buildings are being demolished, removed and replaced by large housing complexes.

The horizon of Istanbul, as seen by the observer, is the meeting of the Bosphorus and the Marmara sea. Several major features appear in the picture, such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Aya Sophia Mosque, Tub Gabi Palace, and Tuma Baghga Palace.

Amarah

Throughout its long history, Istanbul has reaped the reputation of a fusion of different cultures and races. As a result, a number of mosques, churches, temples, palaces, castles, towers can now be found^.[The historic city was built at different stages of time by various peoples and people. Some of these landmarks attract millions of tourists to Istanbul every year and have become an important symbol of the city.

A general view of the Setif region in Istanbul, in which buildings constructed according to the architectural and heritage style are displayed.

Greek and Roman style

Virgo.

One of the most prominent landmarks in Istanbul, which dates back to the Greek era, is the "Vira Tower," built mainly by the Athenian Brigade "Alcipades" in 408 BC to control the movement of Persian ships in the Bosporus Strait.

Constantinople's arena or track of the race of Constantinople.

One of the most famous landmarks of Roman architecture in the city is the pillar of Constantine (Turkish): Emberiliatou, who was put in place in 330 by Emperor Constantine I, declared the new city the capital of the Roman Empire.

Other Roman monuments and installations include: The belt arches, the arches of the Gray Falcon, the pillar of the Gothic, the site of the Hirem, the Milion, which helped to calculate the distance between Constantinople and other cities of the Roman Empire, the Great Palace of Constantinople built by Constantine I to be the headquarters of the Romans^.], the arena of Constantinople's games or track of the race of Constantinople, built on the model of Cirque Maximus in Rome.

Constantine the Great started constructing the walls of the huge city, increasing the size, amplification and thickening of Byzantine walls to defend the new capital of the Roman Empire, which had grown and expanded after he called it "New Rome" (Latin: Nova Roma). A new section of the walls was built in the western part of the city during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II, and rebuilt to its current form in 447 after being destroyed by a severe earthquake. Another feature of the same covenant is the Marcian pillar (in Turkish: Kızıng Emileh (ı), raised by Emperor Flavius Marciyan (450-457) in the same time period when the three-tier walls of Theodosius were built.

Byzantine mode

Inside Aya Irene Church.

The first Byzantine architecture was a traditional Roman style in terms of the shape of the domes and ^arches.[Especially, but the Romans engineers^]?[They went back and developed these architectural concepts later, as attested to by the Aya Irene Church, built by Emperor Constantine I in the fourth century as the first church in the new capital of Rome; The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, or Aya Sophia Minor, was built in the sixth century during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. The latter is the largest building in Sultan Ahmed Square in Ameen Onu Province, the most important of the Byzantine monuments in the world.

The associations currently involved are carrying out several excavations at the foundations of the Great Palace of Constantinople, located alongside Aya Sophia, to reveal more architectural monuments from the Byzantine era; The mosaic, which decorated the palace's grounds and walls, is currently held at the Grand Palace of Mosaic Museum. There are other excavations near the site, where the Maknoora Tower is still standing. Constantine the Great had initially ordered the construction of the Great Palace, but its current form is the product of engineers ordered by subsequent emperors, especially Justinian, to expand and enlarge it. Other Byzantine palaces are the Boucléon Palace, also known as the Hormesdas Palace, which was built by Emperor Theodosius II in the fifth century and expanded by Emperor Theophilus in the ninth century. The walls were merged with the walls of the Grand Palace during the era of Emperor Nekvros II in the tenth century. The eastern pulpit of Constantinople's Arena, where the emperor's cabin was located, was connected to a corridor connected to the Great Palace so that the royal family could reach it directly.

Ayaa Sophia was designed by Greek engineers Izidore Al-Melitusi and Antimos Al-Aidini as the third church built on the site, between 532 and 537 after the Nika riots, in 532, during which the second church, which was founded in 405 by Theodosius II, was destroyed. "The Great Church" was opened by Emperor Constantine II^.[360. The Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, which Justinian I built and made explicit between 527 and 536, shows how sophisticated architecture is, especially in building dome buildings, which require more complex solutions to lift such objects. Aya Irene Church and the Basin Cathedral date back to the same period of time when these new architectural designs emerged. The oldest Byzantine churches in Istanbul, which kept their structure and exterior shape, although they were somewhat devastated, are the Studios Monastery built in 462.

The oldest Byzantine monuments dating back to the era of Hercules (610-641) are the Animas Prisons, which are integrated with the city walls in the northwestern part of the city, forming a palace-like structure with many towers and a network of underground cells. The only remaining part of this structure is known as the Porrogenitus Palace or the Tkphor Palace (Turkish): Tecfour Sarayı returns to the fourth crusade era. The Latin emperors took up residence from the Bocléon palace facing the Sea of Marmara during their reign from 1204 to 1261. During these years, the Dominican Catholic priests built the Church of St. Paul on the north side of the Golden Century, and it ended in 1233.

Southern pattern

After the romans were restored^.[Their missing capital for the Crusaders in 1261, the emperors of the Great Palace and the Boucléon palace were almost completely abandoned and the residency center was transferred to the Palace of Sovereignty in the west of the city, where the three-section walls are located. Among the churches that were built after the restoration of Constantinople were: The Church of Theodox Pamperas and the Church of the Savior Saint of Chora; Also during this period, the Southern Sultan of Galta, Montano de Marienes, built the City Hall (Italy: Palazzo del Component, a replica of St. George's Palace (Italian: Palazzo San Giro) in Genoa. In 1348, the Genovese built the Galata Tower at the top of the Galata City site. They called it "The Tower of Jesus" (Italy: Cherry Turris). It is widely believed that the “Southern Castle” at the entrance to the Black Sea's Bosporus Strait was built by the Gowanis, but was built mainly by the Byzantines.

Ottoman style

A drawing of the Sultan Suleiman Legal Mosque from the late nineteenth century.

The Ottoman Turks built the castle of Anadolu Hisar on the Asian side of the city in 1394, followed by the castle of Rummelee Hisar on the adjacent European side in 1452, a year before the opening of Constantinople. The purpose behind the construction of these long-gun plaques was to control the passage of ships entering and leaving the Bosporus Strait and to prevent the arrival of the Rome^].[By means of crazy ships coming from colonies on the Black Sea coast, such as Fidosia, Sinop, and Amasa. The same year, the first mosque was built on the European side of the city inside the Ramli Siege Castle.

After the Ottoman conquest of the city, Sultan Mohammed al-Fatih launched a comprehensive reconstruction plan that included the construction of the Palace of the High Gate, the Large Covered Market, and the Fort of the Seven Towers, which was dedicated to protecting and guarding the main gate of the city, the Golden Gate.

The first actual mosque to be built inside the city was the Abu Ayyub al-Ansari Mosque (in Turkish): Yeüp Sultan Camii), which was about 1459. This mosque was built at the site where Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a companion of the Prophet Mohammed who was martyred during the siege of Constantinople in 669, was buried during the initial skirmishes between the Arabs and the Romans^.], when Muslims first tried to open the city. The first large royal mosque built in Constantinople is the Sultan Mohammed al-Fatih Mosque, which was completed in 1470. It is located at the same site where one of the most important Byzantine churches, the Church of the Holy Apostles, was built during the era of Constantine I. A number of other important mosques were built during the following centuries, such as the Suleiman Legal Mosque (1557), which was ordered by Sultan Suleiman Legal Authority, and was designed by architect Sinan Agha, as well as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1616), also known as the "Blue Mosque", because of the court^.[The blue that decks into it.

The Ottoman architectural style gave way to European architectural styles in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Architects used styles like "Baroque" to construct palaces and mosques, such as in the Ottoman Noor Mosque and in the Harem wing's extra section of the High Gate Palace, which was built in the eighteenth century. After Sultan Abdul Majeed I launched the reform drive to reorganize the Ottoman Empire, a number of European architectural styles were resorted to, such as: The new traditional pattern, the Baroque, the Rocco, was used to build the city's monuments, and at other times a mixture of them was used, as in the case of the Tagammu Bagga Palace, the Sayed Asiad Palace, the Ortakui Mosque or the Glorious Mosque.

Starting in the early 19th century, the fancy embassies of the eminent European countries were being built in the area around Independence Avenue, indirectly developing the urban pattern in those areas, with several buildings constructed in the new traditional style and style of new art (French: Art Noveau) ‏ on both sides of the street. Istanbul was one of the main centers of the New Art movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with famous builders such as Alexander Valori and Remondo Tomaso Daronko building a number of buildings and palaces of this type, both inside the city and on the prince islands. Among the most prominent works of Daronko are a number of buildings in the Yildiz Palace complex. Other examples of facilities built using this pattern are: Sallam Kamondo on Bank Street in Ghalta district, Qasr Al-Khedewi on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, Khan Vlora in the Sarkissi area, and Faraj Apartments in the Chechen district of Bik Oghli district.

Istanbul Municipality House.

The governor of Istanbul is Muammer Guler. Istanbul is a legislative city where municipal elections are held on a partisan basis, and the municipal council is responsible for issuing all decisions related to the organization of the city in various respects.

The urban municipal council consists of three main members: (1) The Governor of the Urban Area, who is elected every 5 years; (2) the Municipal Council, which issues decisions alongside the Governor, the Mayors and five members of the district councils; and (3) the Urban Executive Committee. There are also 3 local authorities: (1) Municipalities, (2) Local Private Boards, (3) Village Boards. Municipalities are the most important of these local authorities at present because of the high rate of urbanization in the surrounding areas.

The City Hall is located in Sarashani in the Fatih district. It was started on December 17, 1953. Its construction was completed and opened on May 26, 1960. It is scheduled to be demolished in the near future and replaced by another building designed by Arolat Architecture.

Istanbul consists of 39 regions or districts inhabited by a large number of people due to the intense historical exodus to the city and its enlargement and annexation of neighboring villages and towns since the early second half of the twentieth century. In 2009, Turkey's Statistical Institute (TÜÜIK) reported that the city's population is 12,915,158 people, of whom 12,782,966 live in suburbs and another 132,198 in towns and villages around the city. The city's population has thus risen since the last census was conducted in 2007, when it reached 11,372,613.

A census of the city's population shows how many people live in every part of the city, and it turns out that the most densely populated area is Baghçilar, with the least population, is the Prince Islands.

The population growth rate in the city is about 3.45% annually, mainly due to the influx of people from the surrounding rural areas. The population density in Istanbul stands at 1,700 persons per square kilometer (2,742 persons per square mile), far in excess of the population density throughout Turkey, with the latter reaching 81 per square kilometer (130 per square mile). Most of the city's residents are ethnic Turks, and the Kurds are the largest ethnic minority, most of whom come from the rural areas around Istanbul.

the historical republic

Istanbul was the world's largest city in the Middle Ages, and during its long history, it was considered one of the largest and most important cities in the world, except for the last years of the Byzantine Empire, when it had many problems. Due to its geographical and political importance, the city has attracted many different peoples and ethnic groups from all over Europe, Asia and Africa since ancient times. Greece and then Turks have absorbed all these people who have inhabited the city throughout history, intermingled with them and married them, but the Turkish and Greek character remained prevalent.

The following tables show the number of city residents by year. Up to 1914, the number can vary by 50% between researchers and researchers. The numbers from 1927 to 2000 are the result of statistics, and the numbers in 2005 and 2006 are computer simulation projections. The doubling of Istanbul's population between 1980 and 1985 is due to the natural increase of births, as well as to the expansion of the city's borders.

religion

In Istanbul, there is a great religious diversity, as a result of its inhabitants by many peoples throughout history, each with its own religion. Despite this religious diversity, Islam remains the most widely accepted religion among the city's population, and other religions with lower numbers include: Orthodox Roman Christianity, Orthodox Armenian Christianity, Eastern Catholicism, and Safardian Judaism. According to a 2000 census, there are 2,691 public mosques in the city, in addition to 123 churches and 26 churches; There are also 109 Muslim tombs and 57 non-Muslim tombs. Some neighborhoods and districts were home to large numbers of non-Muslim Istanbul residents, such as the Sand Gate neighborhood (Turkish): Kumkabı was populated by a large number of Armenians, the Balat neighborhood of the high Jewish population, the Fnar neighborhood of Greece, and also some neighborhoods in the Al-Marmah and Beyoglu districts where a large number of Latin American families lived. Now, few of these people remain in those areas, as many have migrated outside Turkey or moved to other areas and territories. In some neighborhoods, such as Kozkunsok, a Greek Orthodox church can be seen next to a synagogue, and on the other side of the street is a Greek Orthodox church next to a mosque.

Islam

The outer space in the Sultan Ahmed Mosque.

Most people in Istanbul embrace Islam as a religion, most follow the Sunni sect, and a minority follows the Alawite doctrine. A 2007 census found that 2,944 mosques were open to worshipers in the city. Istanbul was the last capital of the Islamic Caliphate, from 1517 until 1924. After the succession was dissolved and the position of caliph and Sheik of Islam was abolished, all powers were transferred to the newly established Turkish parliament. On September 2, 1925, the creation of Taqiyya and Sufism was banned, as it was thought that its existence was incompatible with the principles of the secular democratic republic; In particular, secular education, and the state governs educational matters through the presidency of religious affairs. A number of Sufis have practiced their beliefs in secret after the state became secular, but today these restrictions are back to looser and more people are joining this Islamic philosophical doctrine, and they are calling themselves "cultural associations" to avoid solving their societies.

Christianity

The Aya Trida Greek Orthodox Church in Beyoglu.

The patriarchal chair of the Patriarch of Constantinople, the spiritual leader of the Roman Orthodox Christianity and the first patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox churches, is located in the city's Fannar neighborhood. The Istanbul-based archbishop of the Turkish Orthodox community and the archbishop of Armenian Orthodox Bishops of Turkey also serves as the headquarters of the Turkish Orthodox community. The city has also been the headquarters of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople since the fourth century, and of the Patriarch of Bulgaria, before the other Orthodox churches recognized his powers. The patriarch of Constantinople has been named Ecumenical since the sixth century, and has become the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been based in Istanbul's St. Georgios Church.

In the nineteenth century, Istanbul Christians tended to be Greek Orthodox, members of the Armenian Apostolic Church, or Levantine Catholics. In 1910, Christians made up nearly half of the population of Istanbul. The everyday lifestyle of Christians in Istanbul, especially Greece and Armenians, has changed, following the bitter disputes between them and the Turks during the Ottoman Empire's dissolution, starting in the 1820s and lasting almost a century. These conflicts culminated in the decade from 1912 to 1922; During the Balkan wars, World War I, and the Turkish war of independence, the number of Christians decreased from 450,000 to 240,000 from 1914 until 1927. The remaining Armenians and Greeks live in Turkey, mainly in and around Istanbul. The number of Armenians in the city is currently estimated at 45,000, not including the 40,000 Armenians who came from Armenia after 1991 to work in and live in Istanbul. They were about 164,000 people in 1913, and their numbers dropped in part because of the Armenian genocide. Greece, now 4,000, was about 150,000 in 1924. There are also about 60,000 Greeks who currently reside in Greece, but still retain their Turkish citizenship. The number of Greeks in Istanbul diminished after the rise of the Turkish Republic, owing to events such as the 1923 Greek-Turkish Population Exchange and the 1942 Turkish Wealth Tax, which targeted Christians, Jews, and Bugrom in Istanbul in 1955.

The Catholic Levant exists in the city because of the merchants of the Gentile Sea, the Rifle, the Crusader States, and the French people. They are still living mostly in the neighborhood of Galta and Beg Oğli. A Turkish Protestant community, the vast majority of whom are ethnic and racial Turks, also lives in the city.

Judaism

The synagogue of the house of Jacob in Askedar.

The Sephardic Jews have been living in the city for over 500 years, many of whom are originally from the Iberian Peninsula. The majority of Jews in those areas fled to Istanbul in 1492, during the era of the Spanish Inquisition, which forced them to convert to Christianity after the collapse of Islamic rule in Andalusia. In that period, Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) sent a large fleet led by Prince Kamal Al-Bayezh to rescue the remaining Jews into the Ottoman Empire, and more than 200,000 Jews had previously fled to the cities of Tangier, Algeria, Genoa, and Marseilles, and later headed for Thessaloniki. The sultan allowed more than 93,000 of them to remain in Ottoman territory. Another convoy of Jews joined the one before it, after sending new Jewish crowds from the Spanish-controlled south of Italy to Istanbul. Today, the Italian synagogue is in the making of a mistake by descendants of these Italian Jews, of whom more than 20,000 remain in the city today. There are about 20 churches in Istanbul, the most important of which is the Oasis of Peace synagogue in Turkey: Neve Agoom Sinu; In Hebrew: יתהנhתOghluopened 1151 in the Bey Pagli district.

Istanbul has long been the hub and nerve of Turkey's economic life, owing to its position as a link between land and sea trade routes. The city is the largest industrial center in Turkey. It provides jobs for about 20% of the workforce^.] in the country, contributing 38% of Turkish industrial production. Istanbul and its surrounding province produce several types of agricultural products, including: cotton, fruit, olive oil, silk, tobacco. The city's most prominent industrial products include: food industry, textile industry, oil derivatives, rubber, mineral commodities, leather clothing, chemical products, pharmaceutical products, electronics, glass, machinery assembly, vehicle assembly, transportation machinery, paper industry and products, and alcohol industry. According to Forbes, a March 2008 survey showed that 35 billion people live in Istanbul, putting the city in fourth place globally in terms of rich people.

The Istanbul Stock Exchange (Turkish) was established: IMKB, in 1866, is the Ottoman Stock Market, and it was organized to take its current form at the beginning of 1986, and is the only financial market in Turkey. It was Al-Banoub Street (Turkish): In a mistake, Bankalar Caddsi is the financial center of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the Ottoman Central Bank and the stock market. The Bank Street continued to play the role of Turkey's financial center until the 1990s, when most Turkish banks began moving their headquarters to the central business neighborhoods of Al-Sharq and Al-Masak. In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved its headquarters to its current location in the Istinye neighborhood.

The city currently produces 55% of Turkish exports and 45% of the country's products, which are sold for wholesale. It contributes 21.2% to the Turkish national product. Istanbul accounts for 40% of all taxes collected across the country, and it also produces 27.5% of national products. The city's GDP balance in 2005 was $133 billion. In the same year, exports from Istanbul-based companies totaled $41,397,000,000, while imports amounted to $69,883,000,000; This represents 56.6% and 60.2% of Turkey's exports and imports respectively in that year.

Istanbul is one of Turkey's most important tourist destinations, with thousands of hotels, tourist sites and high-level figures alike, where one can spend his vacation or visit. The number of tourists visiting Turkey in 2006 was about 23,148,669, up from 4,849,353 in 2005. Most of them entered the country through airports and ports in Istanbul and Antalya, such as Turk International Airport and Kookgun Airport. Istanbul is also one of the most important conference centers in the world, and more international associations have established branches and headquarters across the city.

Education

Main entrance to Istanbul University in Beyazit Square. The Bayezid Tower inside the campus can be seen in the background.

Istanbul has many of the best institutions of higher education in Turkey, as there are more than 20 public and private universities. Most reputable universities are public universities, but in recent years there has been a sudden rise in the number of private universities. Founded in 1453, Istanbul University is the oldest Turkish educational institution in the city. Istanbul Technical University is one of the oldest universities in the city, founded in 1773. It is also the third oldest technical university dedicated to engineering science. Other public universities in Istanbul include: University of Bosphorus, Sinan Agha Fine Arts University, Yildiz Technical University and Marmara University. The most prominent private universities in the city include: Kog University, Sabanci University, Fatih University, Istanbul Trade University, Bahjişir University, Sabe Hills University, Qader Hass University, Al-Inath University, Knowledge University. Several scientific conferences, such as the International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, are being held in Istanbul in late August/early September 2012.

Almost all Turkish private schools teach their curriculum in English, German, or French, as their first foreign language, and often add a second foreign language. The Galatasaray High School was founded in 1481 under the name "Galatasaray Royal School" and later turned into the "Galatasaray School for Sultans." It is the oldest Turkish high school in Istanbul and the second oldest educational institution in the city. Istanbul High School, also known as the Istanbul High School of Boys (Turkish): Istanbul Lisesi, Istanbul Erkek Lisesi, IEL and German International School (German: Deutsche Auslandschul, the oldest international high school in Turkey, was founded in 1884. Other schools in the city include the High School of Military Towers in the sub-district of al-Aqaf village, the only military school in Istanbul.

Cold Hall at Robert College.

In Istanbul, a group of schools is called “anatolian high schools” (in Turkish): These schools were established to receive Turkish children returning from abroad to facilitate their integration into Turkish society and to teach them knowledge. These include the Escudar High School, which uses German as the first foreign language in its curricula, and the High School of the Anatolian Village of Judges, which was one of the six private colleges established by the Ministry of Education during the 1950s in all major cities of Turkey. There are also a number of foreign secondary schools in Istanbul, most of which were established during the 19th century to receive foreigners living in the city. Most of these schools were run by the Turkish Republic and supervised by the Ministry of Education, but some of them are still run by foreign people and are followed by entities other than the Turkish government, as is the case with the Italian High School (Italy: Liceo Síficico Italiano I.M.I.), which is still being prepared by the Italian Government and supported by its financial and human support. Another famous foreign school, the Robert College in Istanbul (in English: Robert College of Istanpol) ‏ founded in 1863, as well as many others.

In Istanbul, there are also many libraries, many of which contain large numbers of historical documents dating back to the Roman era, Byzantine, and Ottoman eras, as well as other eras of civilizations. The most important and most famous libraries in terms of the number of historical documents in their possession are: The High Door Library, the Museum of Antiquities Library, the Naval Museum Library, the Bayazid State Library, the Ottoman Noor Library, the Sulaymaniyah Library, the Istanbul University Library, the Al-Fadhel Ahmed Pasha Library and the Atatürk Library.

health care

There are many public and private hospitals in Istanbul, as well as a number of clinics, laboratories and research centers. Many of these facilities are equipped with the latest technology, which has contributed to an increase in the proportion of tourists coming for "therapeutic tourism" in the city, particularly from Western European countries such as the United Kingdom and Germany, where governments send low-income patients to Istanbul for low-cost treatment. Istanbul is a world destination for laser eye surgery and plastic surgery. The city also has a veterans hospital, located in the Military Medical Center.

The rate of health problems associated with pollution increases especially during winter, as the rate of inhalation of heating gases increases dramatically. In addition, the increasing number of cars and the slow development of the public transport facility often lead to a layer of smog in the city. One solution to the city's pollution problem was to require residents to use lead-free fuel, which began in January 2006.

infrastructure

Cathedral basin or submerged palace. It was built in the sixth century during the reign of Emperor Justinian I.

German Fountain Interface.

The construction of the first canals to bring water into Istanbul dates back to the city's first years of life. One of the most important techniques built in the Roman era is: Mazulkmer, Gray Falcon. The canals were built to carry water from the Khalcali area on the western edge of the city, to the Bayezid neighborhood in the center, then known as "Forum Tauri." Water was then collected in the city's basins and various reservoirs, such as the Philosinus Basin and the Cathedral Basin. During the Ottoman era, Suleiman and the chief architect's legal order Ndissin, Sinan Agha, is upgrading water infrastructure facilities to meet growing population demands, and the latter created the Arbaeen Fountain Water Network in 1555, which helped solve the problem. In the years that followed, the demand for water increased greatly, and a number of traction networks were established, which reached many springs surrounding the city and made them fountains and means throughout the city. Examples are the German Fountain (Turkish): Man Siemsi, named after Emperor Wilhelm II, the last emperor of the German Empire, visited Istanbul on October 18, 1898.

In Istanbul today, there are a proposed chlorinated water supply and a wastewater treatment system run by the Istanbul-based Water and Sanitation Authority. A number of private-sector organizations also specialize in the purification and distribution of water to homes. Electricity is provided by the state. The first power plant in the city was established in 1914. It is a "thermal tarraga weapon plant" (in Turkish: Silataras ğ a Termik Santrali), continued to feed the city until 1983.

The Ottoman Mail and Telegraph Ministry was established in the city on October 23, 1840. The first post office opened in Istanbul was the Amiri Post Office (Turkish: Postahane-i Amaire) near the courtyard of the new mosque. In 1876, the first global postal network was established between Istanbul and countries not under the Ottoman Empire. In 1901, the first transfer of funds through postal offices was undertaken, and the first shipment services were available. American inventor Samuel Morse received his first telegraph in 1847 at the old Sayed Al Asiad Palace in Istanbul, where Sultan Abdul Majeed I personally issued it after he first tested the new invention himself. As soon as the device proved to be effective, cable cables began running from Istanbul to London on August 7th. By 1855 the Ministry of Lightning was established. In January 1881, I created the first telephone circuit in the city, between the Ministry of Post and Telegraph in the Cold Fountain area and the Amiri Post Office in the New Mosque area. On May 23, 1909, I created the first central telephone call manual network, with a capacity of 50 telephone lines, in the Large Post Office (Turkish: Büüüüüyük Postane is in the Sarkissi region.

Airports

Atatatürk International Airport - European Side

Atatatürk Airport is Istanbul's main airport and one of the largest air ports in the region.

In Istanbul, two international airports: Atatatürk International Airport, the largest, located in the Green Village, also known as St. Stephan, on the European side of the city, about 24 kilometers (15 miles) from the center. The airport was located on the western border of the urban area when it was completed, but now it is within the city limits.

Sabiha airport - Asian side

The smaller airport is Sabiha Kokgen International Airport, located in the Asian side of the Wolf Village, near the Istanbul Racetrack, located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) east of the Asian shore, and 45 kilometers (28 miles) east of the European city center.

Istanbul-European Airport

In June 2014, Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced the laying of the foundation stone for the third airport in Istanbul, north of the city, near the Black Sea, to be the largest airport in the world. The airport is 7,500 hectares wide, and has six landing runways and yards that can accommodate 500 planes. The construction was completed in 2019.

navigation

Passenger ferry in Istanbul.

Maritime navigation is vital to Istanbul, as the seas surround the city in all its aspects: the Marmara Sea, the Golden Strait, the Bosphorus Straits, and the Black Sea. Many Constantinople lives on the Asian side of the city and works on the European side, or vice versa, so passenger ferries are the basis for daily commutation between city sections for many of them, even more than the suspended bridges that reach both ends of the Bosporus. Ferries and cruise ships are also the main links between Istanbul's mainland and the Emira Islands.

The first ferries appeared in the Bosporus in 1837, and were run by private companies. On January 1, 1851, the Ottoman government established the charitable company to be the first public company to have a ferret and specialize in serving the people. The latter continued to manage the shipping sector until the early Turkish Republic, when it was subject to the supervision of the Turkish Sea Transport Lines (Turkish: Türkye Dezcilik Itmeleri). Since March 2006, I took the Istanbul Sea Buses (Turkish): Istanpol Deniz Otüsseleri) manages public ferries, in addition to its management of fast-moving sea buses.

The Aydora cruise ship is anchored in Istanbul.

Founded in 1987, the Istanbul Maritime Bus Company manages the transport of passengers by public ferries and motorbikes between the two sides of the city, the latter, the Prince Islands and other places in the Sea of Marmara. There are also dedicated vehicle transport ferries, one of which is the port of the new rapid vehicle ferry terminal on the European side, while the other, the port of Bandak, is located on the Asian side. These terms, which operate on the New Portal and the town of Banderma, shorten the time to travel from Istanbul to Izmir and other major cities and towns along the Aegean coast, as well as those on the Bandke and Yalová lines, when moving from Istanbul to Bursa or Antalya.

The modern port of Istanbul is Turkey's most important port. The old port in the golden century is currently used mainly for private navigation. The port of the village of Kararawiyeon, located in Galata, is used as a berm for cruise ships sailing the oceans. Several transport and tourist services companies from both the Karaweis and Amien Ono harbors are providing many cities along the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The main shipping port of the city is in the Harim neighborhood on the Asian side. Istanbul also has a number of ports for boats and yachts of various sizes dedicated to the berthing of small private boats. The largest of these ports is the Pata Village port on the European side and the Kalamish port on the Asian side.

highways

Map showing the route of the European E80 from Portugal to Turkey through Istanbul.

International Highway D.100 and European Road E80, also known as the "European Highway" (Turkish: Avrupa Otyulou) The main highways that connect Turkey with Europe. The Istanbul road network is highly developed and organized and is still expanding. It is reaching the city to the east in Ankara and Jordan. There are also two highways surrounding the city, the first of which, called "Istanbul Inner Belt" (Turkish), is used: Istanbul 1. Chevryalu, to relieve the congestion of the city; The newer one, the Istanbul Outer Belt (in Turkish): Istanbul 2. Esvreyolu is used to alleviate the congestion of cars entering or passing through the city.

The Bosphorus Bridge, located within the inner belt, and the Fatih Sultan Mohammed Bridge, located within the outer belt, make the connections between the European and Asian sides of the Bosporus. The northern and southern shores of the Golden Horn are connected by a few bridges^.] It is: Galata Bridge, Atatürk Bridge, Gulf Bridge; which is part of the road network of Istanbul's outer belt.

The "Grand Table" is serious in Turkish: Büyüyükderre is the main transverse artery of the East and the central Meselk on the European side, which can be accessed through a number of subway stations. The Grand Table Avenue is connected to Brbros Avenue in the area, where the network of interior belts and tunnels meet in the neighborhoods of Kairteeb and Zenserlikyo. Then it heads down to the harbor of the ferry in Kashtash. There it connects to the coastal highway along the European coast of Bosphorus, from the Amin Ono neighborhood south to the Palace site in the north.

railway

Sarkissi station.

In 1883, a Belgian contractor named George Nickleker began construction of a railway project between the city of Paris and Istanbul, and between the construction and completion of the railway, a steam ferry was used to transport people from the city of Varna in Bulgaria to Istanbul, and vice versa. In 1889, the first section of the railway was completed, and Istanbul reached Varna via Bucharest. People could travel by road to the city for the first time. This rail is known in the West as the "Express East Train", and it's famous and famous for its literary work by author Agatha Christie and author Graham Green, who took it in their playbook.

The station, named "Mushir Ahmad Pasha Station", opened in 1890 and was the last stop of the Orient Express. Today, it has been renamed “Sarkissi Station,” which follows the Turkish Republic's Railway Authority (Turkish): Türkeye Cumhuryeti Devlet Demeriolları; TCDD is the last stop for all the train lines on the European side of Istanbul, and the main link of the Turkish railway network with the rest of Europe.

Istanbul is connected to other cities and neighboring European countries by rail linking the city to Thessaloniki in Greece and by the Bosporus Express, which offers daily flights from Sarkissi to the city of Bucharest in Romania. There are also railways that extend to the cities of Sofia, Belgrade, and Budapest.

Haydar Pasha Station.

On the Asian side of Istanbul, the Haydarpasa Station, a daily train hub to Ankara and other areas of Anatolia, is located. The Haydar Pasha station opened in 1908, and the last station was the Berlin-Baghdad railway and the Hejaz railway. Railway links on both European and Asian sides are connected by railway ferry service. These ferries are scheduled to be suspended when the Marmara Tunnel or Marmara Railway project, which will connect the two sides of the city with tunnel under the surface of the Marmara Sea, is completed by 2012. The project will also connect subway lines with regular trains.

A secondary railway runs between the main train station on the European side, Sarkissi station, and the Khalkali district, west of the city center, and 18 stations are situated along this 30-kilometer railway. A single journey using this rail takes only 48 minutes. There is another sub-railway extending from the main station on the Asian side, the Haydarpasa station, to the town of Kabzi on the far east end of the city. The railway is 44 kilometers long and 28 stations are parked on trains, and the journey takes 65 minutes to use. One statistic shows that 720,000 people use railway lines on the European side of the city every day.

Electric locomotives

Old electric locomotives in Istanbul

New electric locomotives in Istanbul

The first locomotives were put into service on September 3, 1869, and were dedicated to working on the line of the Central Arsenal-Village. In 1871, work began on the line "Gate of Agony-Mistake"; "White Palace-Seven Tower"; "White Palace - High Door"; and "Ameen Onu-White Palace." Other lines that entered service in the 19th century include: "Vojvodda Street, Graveyard, Tibi Bashi-Taksim-Pinkladi-Shishli Street"; Bayezid-Shahazidi Bashi line; Line "Al-Fateh-Edirne-Galatasaray-Tunnel"; The Ameen Onu-Bawabet-Bahja line. Since 1939, the Istanbul Electric Locomotive and Tunnel Authority (Turkish) has taken over: Istanbul Elktrik Tramvave ve Tünel; IETT) is responsible for the management and organization of this type of public transport. On August 12, 1961, the old red electric locomotives were suspended from work on the European side, and on November 14, 1966, they were also suspended on the Asian side. At the end of 1990, other identical locomotives were placed on service along the Independence Avenue in the area between Taksim Square and the tunnel, which was 1.6 kilometers long. On November 1, 2003, another old T3 locomotor was reopened on the Asian side of Istanbul, operating in the area between the Qudah Village and Muda, which is 2.6 kilometers long and stops at 10 stations and takes 21 minutes.

The T1 had been put into service in 1992, and its line of work extended from the Sarkissi neighborhood to the High Gate. The line was then extended from the High Gate to the Olive Site neighborhood in March 1994 and from the Sarkissi neighborhood to the Amin Onu in April 1996. As of January 30, 2005, it was extended from Amien Ono to Findklay, which crossed the Golden Century Strait by the Galata Bridge for the first time in 44 years. In June 2006, the last section of this line, linked to the Kabatesh neighborhood, was opened. The line is 14 meters long and has 24 stops. The Istanbul Metro Authority provided transportation to people with 22 LRT locomotives, manufactured by ABB Multi-National. In 2003, the authority converted the locomotives into other lines, replacing them with 55 Folklore Swift locomotives, produced by Bombardier Transport, which runs the entire line using one of these locomotives. One minute, with a daily capacity of 155,000 people, the sector has a US$110 million investment fund. In September 2006, a new train line (T2) was added connecting the Olives site to the Baghçillar sub-district, using 14 LRT trains produced by ABB.

suspended railway

The Modern Hanging Train in Istanbul.

In Istanbul there are two hanging railway tracks that differ the most in terms of foot and shape. The oldest of them is the tunnel track (in Turkish): Tüntel, which opened on January 17, 1875, is the second oldest underground railway in the world after the London Underground Railway that opened in 1863, and the first underground railway in continental Europe; Although the first complete multi-stop subway line in the continent was Line 1, the Budapest subway train, which opened in 1896. The tunnel has a length of 573 meters (1,879.92 feet), and there are no stations between its starting point and its arrival, and has been operational since its opening in 1875. The two dedicated trains run on this line, on a single track every three and a half minutes, and the journey takes one and a half minutes. These trains make about 64,800 trips a year, covering 37,066 kilometers, and they are used by 15,000 people a day.

The second outstanding railway line, "Katash-Taksim Railway", was inaugurated on June 29, 2006 and connects the Kabatash neighborhood to Taksim Square by connecting it to the naval bus station and the Kabatesh electric train station in Taksim Square. This line is 600 meters long and 9,000 people use it every year.

light rail

In Istanbul, too, there is a light two-line railway. The first line, "M1", began on September 3, 1989, between the White Palace and the "Eagle's Head." The line was developed and updated gradually until it arrived at Atatürk Airport on December 20, 2002. The second line (T4) was opened in 2007, working to transport passengers between the Edirne Gate area and the Peace Mosque. There are 36 stations along this 32-kilometer rail, built 10.4 kilometers underground. The 1988 LRT trains, produced by ABB, are used to provide public transport.

subway

Subway stations in Istanbul.

Construction of the Istanbul (M2) subway line began in 1992, the first of which was completed and opened on September 16, 2000, to operate in the area of Taksim Square to the East. This section is 8.5 kilometers long (5.3 miles) and has 6 stations. Eight trains, composed of four cars, produced by the French company Alstom, were dedicated to work along this section the year it was opened. Each station had a capacity of about every five minutes, with a daily average of 130,000 passengers. On January 30, 2009, the old trains were replaced by new ones produced by Eurotim, which signed a contract with the Istanbul Railway Department to supply them with 92 new cars to operate on the subway line. There were 34 trains, each of four cars, dedicated to the line.

Also on this date, two secondary lines were opened, the first from the Orient neighborhood to the Meshal Shamal neighborhood, and the second from Taksim Square to the New Gate neighborhood, passing over a bridge over the Golden Century Strait, underground across the historical peninsula and up to the Chechen station in the Beyoglu district. The new line is scheduled to be extended until it intersects with the light rail line and the Marmara Tunnel lines, which are still under construction.

There are currently 10 service stations on the European side of the city; There are six more stations on the same side, and 16 on the same side in Asia. The distance between the Chechen station in the Beyoglu district and the Atatürk Industrial Road Station in the Meslak district is 15.65 kilometers (9.7 miles) and the flight between them lasts 21 minutes. Experts report that the full length of the train line on the European side will reach 18.36 kilometers (11.4 miles) when all stations between the New Bawaba and the Hajj Othman neighborhood are completed; This does not include the 936-meter-long golden-century train bridge. The 0.6-kilometer Taksim-Kubatash Square tunnel links to the Sea Bus Port, the New Gate-White Palace long tunnel links to the light rail network and the 13.6-kilometer Marmara tunnel.

On the Asian side, the full line will reach 21.66 kilometers (13.5 miles), connect the Qudah Village and Aqab District, connect the Marmara tunnel and eventually the European line. The tunnel is expected to open and trains will begin operating in 2013.

Fine arts and theater

Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum.

The rate of cultural, social and commercial diversity in Istanbul is on the rise, especially after the city was declared the capital of European culture in 2010. Concerts are held in Istanbul for some of the world's most famous pop singers at certain times of the year, and opera shows^.[Ballet and theater continue without any time limit. A number of orchestras and hymns are visiting the city, as well as individual artists and jazz bands at seasonal festivals. The Istanbul International Film Festival is one of the most important film festivals in Europe, and a contemporary art exhibition is held once every two years. It is considered one of the most important exhibitions dedicated to this type of art.

Museums

The main building in the complex of archeological museums in Istanbul, located near the Palace of the High Gate.

In Istanbul, there are a large number of museums, most notably the "Istanbul Archeological Museums" (in Turkish: The Istanbul Arkeoluji Müzileri is a complex of 3 museums: the Museum of Antiquities, the Ancient East Museum, and the Museum of Islamic Arts. Founded in 1881, it is one of the largest museums of its kind in the world. The museum contains more than 1,000,000 artifacts found at various sites in the Mediterranean, Balkan, Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. Other prominent museums include: The Museum of the Great Palace of Mosaic, which contains the mosaic floors belonging to the late Roman era and the early Byzantine era, as well as the jewelry found at the Great Palace of Constantinople. Next to the museum is another museum, the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, which includes a wide variety of objects belonging to various Islamic eras. There's also the Siderak Hanm Museum, which has a large collection of artifacts belonging to the first Anatolian civilizations and all subsequent civilizations until the Ottoman era.

The Weapons Gallery at Yildiz Palace is hosting an exhibition of archeological pieces in November of some years, featuring rare collections of both Eastern and Western antiquities. The archeological market in Majidiya village in Shishli district is the largest archeological market in the city, followed by the Jakrkuma neighborhood in Beyoglu district, where antiques shops are located on both sides of the street for long distances. The Grand Covered Market, which opened between 1455 and 1461 under the order of Sultan Mohammed Al-Fatih, has a large number of archeological shops, in addition to goldsmiths, rug vendors and other craftsmen. Some of the world's oldest and most rare books can be found in the Oriental Museum Market near Bayezid Square, one of the oldest bookstores in the world, where people have been visiting it from the Roman Empire to the Ottoman Empire.

Live performances and concert performances are hosted at a number of sites across the city, including some historical sites, such as the Aya Irene Church, Ramli Castle, Castle of the Seven Towers, Palace of the High Door, and House of Flowers; In addition to the Atatürk Cultural Center, the Rashid Rai Music Hall and other open and closed halls. Among the most important cultural elements in Istanbul are the public baths, which were considered an entertainment place during the Ottoman era. One of the most prominent baths in the city is the Hamam Al-Amud, built in 1584 in the square of Constantine's pillar.

Offices

Ragheb Pasha Library.

The city has several historical offices, some of which contain important manuscripts, but because the Turkish language was converted during the early 20th century from Arabic to Latin, these manuscripts cannot be read by the public.

One of the most important offices in the city is the Kuperlo Library, the Mellith Library, the Palace of the High Door Museum Library, the Atef Effendi Library, the Sulaymaniyah Library, and the Ragheb Pasha Library.

recreation

A truck driver with a few tourists on an island of princes.

Several swimming pools and traditional beach resorts were closed in Istanbul due to sea water pollution, but several were reopened later. One of the most famous places where people go to swim in the city is: Copper Village, Mini-Doves Tower, Palace Site, and Bosphorus. Outside it, the most prominent places include: the Emiratis of the Sea of Marmara, Silver and Tuzla; and some places on the Black Sea coast.

The Emira Islands, located in the Sea of Marmara in the south of Aqab and Bandak, are a prominent destination for tourists, as they contain some polarizing factors for comfort and relaxation seekers, such as their traditional Ottoman palaces and new art models, which were used by the sultans to rest from the trouble of governing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Horse-drawn vehicles are also polarized, as cars are not allowed on any of the islands and restaurants specializing in seafood. These islands can be reached using ferries or fast sea buses. The Emira Islands have 9 islands, of which only 5 are inhabited.

shopping

The big covered market, one of the most famous and largest Eastern markets in the world.

In Istanbul, there are a number of historical shopping malls, such as: Al-Souq Al-Kabeer Al-Covered (1461), Souk Mahmoud Pasha (1462), Al-Souq Al-Masry (1660). The city's first modern shopping mall was opened in 1987, "Father Village Fair" (Turkish: Galleria Ataxi, followed by the opening of many centers in subsequent years, such as the White Center (Turkish: Akmerkez in 1993, the only commercial center to have won the Best Shopping Center in Europe and Best Shopping Center in the World awards awarded by the International Shopping Center Board (ICSC); Metro City Mall (2003); Chichli Cultural and Commercial Center (2005), the largest shopping center in Europe; Canyon Shopping Center (2006), which won the Best Architecture Award for 2006. In Istanbul there are two commercial centers for high-paid consumers, the Estenet Park (2007) and the Nichane Tashi Center (2008), where only expensive global brands and brands are displayed.

Restaurants

There are several European, East Asian restaurants in Istanbul, as well as local restaurants and other restaurants that offer different kinds of world cuisine. Most of the city's historic bars and bars are located in the sub-district of Beyoglu and the surrounding areas of Istiqlal Avenue. On the avenue is a famous historical hallway called the Flower Gallery (in Turkish): The Ischek Pajasaji ı has a number of bars and restaurants, and it was built in the 19th century by the Greek engineer Christakis Zugarfus Avendi, who built it on the ruins of the Noam Theater and opened in 1876. It's also Nevezide Street, which has restaurants next to each other.

Other historic bars can be found in the vicinity of the Tunnel Crossing and the Al-Karma Mosque Street. In recent years, the relevant authorities have revived some of the old neighborhoods surrounding Independence Avenue, with varying degrees of success; One of these neighborhoods is Al-Jazaer Street (in Turkish): Cezair Sokaer ı near Galatasaray High School, which is commonly called the "French Street" (in French: La Rue Françe) ‏, because of his impression of a francophone character, where there are many bars, cafes and restaurants where live music is played, as in French-style restaurants and cafes.

Istanbul is also known for its restaurants that serve seafood. The most famous sea restaurants are located on the shores of the Bosporus and the Marmara Sea in the south of the city. There are also a number of famous sea restaurants on the Great Islands of the Emira Islands, and near the northern entrance of the Bosporus from the Black Sea side.

Entertainment

There's a lot of nightclubs, restaurants, bars and steaming cafes that are performing live music throughout the city. The number of such places for playing is especially high in the summer, as they sometimes travel to show off in the open air because of the high attendance. The largest gatherings of nightclubs, restaurants and bars, in addition to art exhibitions, theaters and cinemas, are located in the surrounding areas: Independence Avenue, the goal, Pipek, and the village of the judges. The Babel and No Beira amusement parks in the Beyoglu district are among the most popular nightclubs in winter.

Some of the most important summer nightclubs are open air, such as Bosporus Beach Clubs: "Sortie," "Reina," and "Angelique" in the neighborhood of Ortakwe. In the same neighborhood, there is a bar that offers high-performance jazz, known as the Q Jazz Bar.

The most important theaters in Istanbul host music concerts for singers and international bands. Among the most prominent of these theaters are: Istanbul Square in Muslak district, Dry Street in Bosporus. And there's the Forest Park in Turkish: Parkorman) in the Muslak district, which hosted the MTV Movie Awards in 2002, is one of the most prominent venues where live concerts and summer enthusiastic celebrations are held.

Media

Center of the Journal of Constantinople, founded in 1948.

The first Turkish newspapers were printed in Istanbul on August 1, 1831, under the name Calendar and Reality, in the sub-district of Bab Al-Aali, which later became the center of publishing houses in the country. In the city, there are numerous local and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views and opinions, so Istanbul is the publishing capital of Turkey. Most Turkish newspapers are headquartered in Istanbul, with bulletins published in Ankara and Izmir. Major newspapers based in Istanbul include: The newspapers "Freedom", "Milla", "Sabah", "Radikal", "Republic", "Zaman", "Turkey", "Departments", "Bukon", "Star", "Dunya", "The Lesson", "Conos", "Homeland", "Posta", "Calendar" "New Twilight", "Intolerance" and Turkish Daily News". They are based in Istanbul like: CNBC-e, CNN Turkish, MTV Turkish, Fox Turkish, Turkish Sports, Fox TV, Milky Way, Channel D, ATV, Chou Channel, Star Channel, Cinque5, Turkish Sky Channel, TGRT News, Channel 7, Turkish Channel, Flash Channel, etc. There are also over 100 FM radio channels.

sport

Atatürk Olympic Stadium.

During the Roman and Byzantine period, the most popular sport in the city was the race of Codereca carts, which was held at the Constantinople race track capable of accommodating 100,000 spectators. Today, the most popular sport is football, basketball, volleyball. One of the most famous sports groups in Istanbul is the International Sports Club: Besiktas, Galsaray and Fenerbahça in football; Besiktas teams, Evas Pilsen, Fanar Ulker's delight and the Saray Cafe Crown's basketball fallacy; Besiktas, the Waqf Bank, and Fanar made a difference in handball.

Atatürk Olympic Stadium is the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, and the EU ranks it among the five-star stadiums. The stadium hosted the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final. Also, the Estadio Shrouq Sarkozy, the land of the Fnar Bahja team, hosted the 2009 EU Cup final, the last UEFA Cup before changing its name to the UEFA Europa League.

Istanbul also hosts a number of vehicle races every year, such as the Turkish First Class Race, the Turkish Motu GP Motorcycle Race, the International Automobile Association World Car Championship, GP2 Series, and the Le Man Series, at the Istanbul Racing Park. The city hosts the World Cup of Type 1 Speedboats and yachts. And there are some kinds of sports that have been gaining popularity lately, like equestrian tennis and golf.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Orkhan Bamok.

Many people in science, literature, music, art, and politics have left Istanbul:

• Ahmed Artekon, founder and president of Atlantic Records and chairman of the Rock & Roll Museum Board.
• Aref Mardin, a Turkish-American record producer, worked with hundreds of artists and on different styles of music, such as jazz, rock, disco, and country music.
• Elijah Kazan, a film and theater director, a producer, a screenwriter, a novelist.
• Jim Almaz, comedian, actor, cartoonist, screenwriter.
• Bulent Ecevit, the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP), and then the Democratic Left Party (DSP), and the Turkish Prime Minister four times.
• Honorary President of the Sixth Republic of Turkey.
• Fatima Kereik is an actress and has become a politician.
• Khaldoun Taner, playwright
• Orkhan Boran, television and radio presenter, actor.
• Urban Bamuq, a famous writer, novelist and professor at Columbia University, specializes in comparative literature and writing. He won a number of awards, including the 2006 Nobel Prize for Literature.
• Georgios V, patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808, and finally from 1818 to 1821.
• Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the governor of Istanbul and former prime minister of Turkey, and current president of the republic.
• Nehad Kahwaji, a football player at the Beckhtash Club and the Turkish football team.
• Arda Turan, a football player at the Barcelona Club, and the Turkish football team.
• Samiha Birksawi, one of the first female opera singers^]?[Turkish.

The number of cities twinning with Istanbul has doubled since 1993 to now 61:

information

• Istanbul Municipality Site.
• Pictures from the city.

•   Turkey portal
•   Roman Empire gate
•   geography gate
•   Istanbul gate
•   population gate
•   Portal of the Ottoman Empire
•   Christian portal